(1996) Glycobiology: Toward understanding the function of sugars. (1996) Modulation of protein structure and function by asparagine-linked glycosylation. (2001) Congenital disorders of glycosylation: genetic model systems lead the way. (1995) Glycosyltransferase mutants: key to new insights in glycobiology. (1996) Why mammalian cell surface proteins are glycoproteins. (1990) Sequence differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated Asn-X-Thr/Ser acceptor sites: implications for protein engineering. (1999) The dolichol pathway of N-liked glycosylation. (1985) Assembly of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. However, recent structural and biochemical data have provided important new insights into this chaperone system and present a solid basis for further mechanistic studies. Compared to other important chaperone systems, such as the Hsp70s, Hsp90s and GroEL/GroES, the principles whereby this system works at the molecular level are relatively poorly understood. The significance of this system is underscored by the fact that CNX and CRT interact with practically all glycoproteins investigated to date, and by the debilitating phenotypes revealed in knockout mice deficient in either gene. Essential components of this system include the lectin chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) and their associated co-chaperone ERp57, a glycoprotein specific thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase. For glycoproteins, the ER possesses a dedicated maturation system, which assists folding and ensures the quality of final products before ER release. In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an essential role in the synthesis and maturation of a variety of important secretory and membrane proteins.
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